HOFSTEDE: Well, if you want an honest answer, I think mainly our own curiosity. So you can see that in an individualistic society, after becoming a world champion in a sport or certainly after winning a major war, people do not fight one another, but they admire one another. playlist_add. Heres another example: HENRICH: People from more individualistic societies tend to focus on central objects. Culturally maybe more than anything! Because when youre living inside a culture well, thats the culture you know; it is what it is. So Hofstede the Elder began to amass a huge data set about the workplace experiences and preferences of tens of thousands of I.B.M. Again, its worth repeating that no culture is a monolith. Citation styles for Freakonomics How to cite Freakonomics for your reference list or bibliography: select your referencing style from the list below and hit 'copy' to generate a citation. In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. SFU will never request our users provide or confirm their Computing ID or password via email or by going to any web site. The second one measures whats called power distance. (Dont worry, well explain the name later.) What was in these surveys? For instance: According to the 6-D Model of National Culture that weve been talking about, the U.S. is the most individualistic nation on earth. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; were also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on uncertainty avoidance, if that makes you feel better). Im a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. All rights reserved. It was: And your culture, your American culture, is very different. At this point, we should probably define terms. But for folks who are pushed out of the mainstream you know, Black folks have rarely had the luxury of thinking about just simply being themselves. ERNIE: Oh, gee. All contents Freakonomics. Theres far less stigmatization of people in terms of their race, their religion. But the Chinese, even rich, will be a lot more collectivistic and a lot more long-term-oriented than the Americans. And thats different than in Scandinavia and in New Zealand and Australia, which has much more horizontal individualism. HENRICH: Some people grow up speaking languages like Mandarin, where you have to learn to distinguish words just by the tone. We should note that Bert and Ernie, despite their differences, are very dear friends! You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. You could just do an across-the-board search of various Western religions and look at who the figureheads are. China, Japan, and Turkey are also tight. HOFSTEDE: For the U.S.A., the world is like a market. You may have noticed that Hofstede neglected to mention a certain country that we Americans tend to care about quite a bit. You could argue that Peppers owner is the one who isnt very disciplined. The United States, you may not be surprised to learn, is on the loose end of the spectrum although not in the top five. This is the dimension based on data from the World Values Survey. High religiosity coupled with high individualism reveals another feature of American culture. Neal is a professor of African and African-American studies. On a certain level, this is obvious: These are cultures that have norms and traditions that have endured for centuries. Heres the dean of the National University of Singapores school of public health: YIK-YING TEO: We have a tradition of having national campaigns to galvanize people to proceed in a common direction. HENRICH: You want to be the same self, regardless of who youre talking to or what context youre in. The U.S. is overall relatively loose. In indulgent societies, more people play sports, while in restrained societies, sports are more something you watch. Which is more dangerous, a gun or a . Our theme song is Mr. The five tightest countries are Pakistan, Malaysia, India, South Korea, and our old friend Singapore. We look at how these traits affect . The spirit of competition of what Michele Gelfand calls vertical individualism seems to permeate every corner of American society. Educated. If . More feminine societies tend to have less poverty and higher literacy rates. He started out as an anthropologist; but he started mixing and matching disciplines to suit his curiosity. It shouldnt surprise anyone that individualism might contribute to inequality or at least, as Henrich puts it, the justification of inequality. Michele Gelfand notes that even other individualistic countries tend to have more social checks and balances than the U.S. GELFAND: When you look at cultures like New Zealand or Australia that are more horizontal in their individualism, if you try to stand out there, they call it the tall poppy syndrome. Groups that tend to have threat tend to develop stricter rules to coordinate. HOFSTEDE: Look, guys, we can do it. thats always there. And I could see there, a little bit similarly to the U.S., how the various ethnicities are trying to live together. Fortune, by the Hitchhikers; the rest of the music this week was composed byLuis Guerra. Its waiting to happen because people in this individualistic, indulgent society, they want to be merry. For example, we asked bank managers some years ago to look through scenarios of people violating organizational rules, like coming to work late, staying on the phone too long, maybe checking their email. DUBNER: But that the research subjects, they gave him a lot back and they thought it was going to him. We will learn which countries are tight, which are loose, and why. So uncertainty avoidance is the intolerance of ambiguity. Also, he uses some very bold examples (crime rates versus abortion, drug dealership, cheating teachers, etc) to make some very simple . She argues that both styles have their upsides and their downsides. According to the Pew Research Center, 80 percent of Americans claim to believe in God, 55 percent pray at least daily, and 36 percent attend a religious service at least once a week. 1424 Words. So keep your ears open for all that. If you no longer even pretend to be one people and to be fair to all the citizens of your country, then youre not going down a road that leads to a great future. As an Amazon Associate, Freakonomics may earn commissions from qualifying purchases made through links on this site. So after we ran that first project, we redid the entire project, and we took concerns like the one Francisco had. GELFAND: Were fiercely interdisciplinary. This episode was produced by Brent Katz. But even a loose country will tighten up when a threat arises. And so you walk faster because you cant get everything you need done in your day and youre always trying to get to the next event. Freakonomics (2005) aplica el anlisis econmico racional a situaciones cotidianas, desde las citas en lnea hasta la compra de una casa. The study of culture is a family business for Hofstede. And its by no means easy. A dream team of directors e. Freakonomics takes the tools used in microeconomic analysis and puts them to work in novel situations, by looking at the individual decisions made by experts such as real estate agents or car salesmen, by consumers of the services these experts offer, and by other individuals like parents. NANJIANI: I was so excited to be in America I couldnt sleep. A child is a child, and a parent is a parent, and a parent decides for the child. In 2016, Henrich published a book called The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter. GELFAND: Ill just say that there are also other contexts where we naturally tighten. Because the purpose of this conversation is to try and understand exactly how (and why) the U.S. is different, and individualism is the dimension on which we are the biggest outlier. And in one condition, I had them wearing these fake facial warts. The Neglected 95%: Why American Psychology Needs to Become Less American, Measuring Inequity Aversion in a Heterogeneous Population Using Experimental Decisions and Subjective Probabilities, Westerners and Easterners See the World Differently, Economic Man in Cross-Cultural Perspective: Behavioral Experiments in 15 Small-Scale Societies, Ultimatum Game with Ethnicity Manipulation: Problems Faced Doing Field Economic Experiments and Their Solutions, Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? Whereas in countries that are bogged down in cronyism and corruption, it doesnt happen. Gert Jan Hofstede - Freakonomics. The fourth original dimension was called uncertainty avoidance. This has to do with how comfortable people are with ambiguity. Its more about how individuals are acted upon by the people and institutions around them. If basic things like visual illusions are not universal, what about other phenomena? Levitt's research on teacher cheating using Chicago Public Schools data.Clip from the 2010 documentary "Freakonomics: The Movie". Individualism has had a tremendous impact, not only on culture, but on social theory as well, and political philosophy in particular. When Americans did this experiment, a third of them conformed and gave an obviously wrong answer. Which is probably why we dont hear all that much about the science of culture. The first one measures the level of individualism in a given culture, versus collectivism. Lets flip it for a moment. The U.S. also has a small power distance 40 on a scale of 100, which puts it among the lowest in the world. And it should stay there. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; were also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on uncertainty avoidance, if that makes you feel better). Michele Gelfand wasnt interested in that. Really? In an individualistic society, depending on how the mood is, you can get very different developments. DUBNER: So between not having been historically a terrible recipient of viruses and also by dint of having an ocean on either side of us, etc., and being a really big and really rich country, it sounds like the U.S. must have one of the lowest inherent threat levels. Heres one of the questions they asked. Scholars in this realm have a general agreement on what culture is and what its not. But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. DUBNER: These are the two lines that are the same. So that can be very beneficial. Why not? How much time have you spent thinking about what makes America, America? Because remember, threat is what can drive tightness. Latin countries tend to be more collectivistic, especially Spain and Portugal not so much Italy and France. HENRICH: So, Francisco is a good pal of mine and hes also a very charming fellow. All rights reserved. That, again, is Gert Jan Hofstede. And this is what Europe has. Its all the levels in the organization. And thats going to cultivate certain tonal abilities, which could feed into certain kinds of music, and things like that. Whereas people from less individualistic societies tend to be better at making relative-size judgments. So then he really knew this is not an artifact of this particular company this is real. GELFAND: I was planning to become a cross-cultural trainer to work at the State Department and train people to understand culture. But relatively speaking, we have more tolerance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Read the excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. Remember what he said earlier: HENRICH: So how it is that we acquire ideas, beliefs, and values from other people and how this has shaped human genetic evolution. HENRICH: You want to be the same self, regardless of who youre talking to or what context youre in, whereas in other places it seems to be okay to morph and shift your personality, depending on your context. Europe has a strong influence from Germany, also from France. But yes, its all workplace. HOFSTEDE: He did social psychological work on what it is to be a manager. Well find out what it means to be WEIRD although not weird in the way youre thinking. And it got the attention of President Clinton: Bill CLINTON: Its the first Ive heard of it, Ill look into it. Individualism, Modern Capitalism, and Dystopian Visions Introduction to Heritage and Multicultural American Identities: Contemporary Voices (1970-2000) Introduction to Contemporary Literature of the Twenty-First Century The Poetry of Physics RL.CCR.3 Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text. Heres Mark Anthony Neal of Duke: NEAL: Historically, power has been obscure. Once he saw that differences were driven by nationality, Hofstede sensed he was on to something big. HOFSTEDE: And blue-collar. Can that possibly be trueour culture shapes our genetics? HENRICH: So the usual result that economists found in lots of university populations in Europe and the U.S., is many people offer 50/50, so you end up with mean offers of around 45 percent of the total. GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. And in this moment, we realized that the grind is unsustainable, right? NEAL: Were a country that presumes male leadership. Better Essays. The five loosest countries according to this analysis were Ukraine, Estonia, Hungary, Israel, and the Netherlands. Anyway, in this episode of No Stupid Questions, we'll be talking about how our surroundings can make us smarter and maybe happier too. We even walk faster. Our staff also includesAlison Craiglow,Greg Rippin,Joel Meyer,Tricia Bobeda,Mary Diduch, Zack Lapinski,Emma Tyrrell, Lyric Bowditch, Jasmin Klinger,andJacob Clemente. Relatedly: Americans place a high value on being consistent across different situations. DUBNER: Where is the loosest place in America? People get less interested. The Aztec, the Inca, and todays Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, are very collectivistic. In a more masculine society, men and women adhere to the gender roles you might think of as patriarchal: fathers, for instance, take care of the facts, while mothers handle the emotions. Industrialized. This individualism has produced tremendous forward progress and entrepreneurial energy. Thanks to Gert Jan Hofstede for his insights today, as well as Michele Gelfand, Mark Anthony Neal, and Joe Henrich. Freakonomics Quotes. At the core of Freakonomics is the concept of incentives. DUBNER: What does an institution like the Navy see as the upsides of more looseness? Loose cultures tend to be found in English-speaking countries as well as Latin-American, Latin-European, and formerly Communist cultures. But some cultures strictly abide by their norms. The negotiations didnt work out. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. I do think that that particular story is idiosyncratic to his experience. Michele GELFAND: The people that came to New York early on, they were from all sorts of different cultural backgrounds, and thats helped produce the looseness that exists to this day. Both are long-term oriented, so they see a lot of context around things. 1, the most individualistic country in the world, 91 out of 100 on the Hofstede scale of individualism. HOFSTEDE: He decided to take a job there. Long Island, New York, is thebirthplace of the American suburb. employees in more than 50 countries. One hallmark of short-term thinking: a tendency toward black and white moral distinctions versus shades of gray. GELFAND: And it caused a real international crisis because the Singapore government gave him what was then classic punishment, which was caning. 470 Replay) Freakonomics Radio Documentary According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes . I think thats a good litmus test of tight-loose. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, works on a larger scale. So, lets try to measure this., Gelfand and several colleagues undertook a massive research project, interviewing some 7,000 people from 33 countries on five continents. HOFSTEDE: And his special methodological trick was not to do what is now called a pan-cultural analysis across all the respondents, but first to lump them into groups. In the beginning, Feldman left behind an open basket for the cash, but too often the money vanished. Let's now consider the following statistic, which represents the hundreds of matches in which a 7-7 wrestler faced an 8-6 wrestler on a tournament's final day: 7-7 WRESTLER'S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 48.77-7 WRESTLER'S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8-6 OPPONENT: 79.6So the 7-7 wrestler, based on . Not just regular weird. to let him focus even more on this data. All contents Freakonomics. So, yes, the same attributes that can be a big problem can also be a big boost. He interviewed people at I.B.M. HENRICH: They are self-enhancing, which means they try to promote their attributes. He wrote a paper about it. GELFAND: We have a whole new map of the U.S. where we can actually rank-order the U.S. 50 states in terms of how much threat they have. You look at parents and how they treat their kids art. Heres what Hofstede told us last week about culture: HOFSTEDE: If youre part of a society, youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. HENRICH: Theres something called the Asch conformity test, where you have confederates of the experimenter give the same wrong answer to an objective problem. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. GELFAND: All cultures have social norms, these unwritten rules that guide our behavior on a daily basis. HOFSTEDE: In an individualistic society, a person is like an atom in a gas. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (Part of the Freakonomics Series) by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J . Sometimes incentives will be obvious, but often they will be hidden - and . You might think that these relatively minor differences dont add up to much. Neal sees a strong connection between U.S. masculinity and our appetite for work. Whereas if you have a state religion, it tends to get tired and old and boring. Its trying to include all the stuff that we acquire as a consequence of growing up in different environments, and contrast that with things like our sex drive, which doesnt seem to be acquired by observing others. And we did find a number of learned people who had data to back up the hypothesis. DUBNER: Can you give me a good example of an idea or a theory that I might come across in a Psych 101 textbook that would just be so American that it wouldnt really be useful if you actually care about humans? And there are other inconsistencies, especially in a country as large and diverse as the U.S. For instance, where you live. 470 Replay) Freakonomics Radio | Freakonomics Radio Publicit Annonce - 0 s 00:00 00:00 Suivant | propos Voir la description Freakonomics Radio. Australia and Brazil are also loose. The same experiment was done in other, non-WEIRD countries, like Ghana and Zimbabwe. Okay, it took half of this episode to go through just the first of the six dimensions of national culture individualism versus collectivism. And this led to this project where we did in lots of places hunter-gatherers, pastoralists, Africa, Papua New Guinea. This does not mean that no one in a loose culture, like the U.S., is stigmatized or mistreated. After all, they were the data set. If they reject, both players get zero. "Morality, it could be argued, represents the way that people would like the world to work, wheareas economics represents how it actually does work.". GELFAND: This has always been the big question, that with the internet and globalization were going to become more similar. Why have rules if you dont use them? The U.S. is just different from other places in a variety of ways that we often dont stop to think about. Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: This American teenager from Ohio, Michael Fay, was in Singapore and was arrested and charged with various counts of vandalism and other shenanigans. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. GELFAND: When we ask people, What does honor mean to you? in the U.S., a lot of people talk about work. If youre an economist, you might think that offering even $1 out of the 100 would be enough. GELFAND: I would say it tends to be California. GELFAND: In Germany and in Japan, the clocks are really synchronized. Im a professor of artificial sociality at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands. And in a restrained society, theres going to be suicide. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. Its also the cleaning lady. HOFSTEDE: And this is before the 60s, before the 70s. That is not just the most American thing thats ever happened. Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. Stay up-to-date on all our shows. Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. We will leave you with a patriotic tribute from one last transplanted U.S. comedian. And what does he have to say about American culture? HOFSTEDE: My name is Gert Jan Hofstede. Essentially, theyre the opposite of the loose attributes: tight cultures have more coordination and more self-control. We often look to other countries for smart policies on education, healthcare, infrastructure, etc. NEAL: You have no real other example of a country that has brought together so many different national and ethnic and racial backgrounds. That is something that fundamentally many whites dont understand, right? But its important to acknowledge that no culture is a monolith. HENRICH: It chafes us when we get ordered around. Follow. Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? There is some overlap between these six dimensions and some of the ideas we talked about in last weeks episode particularly the notion that some national cultures tend to be tight and others loose. Henrichs next example is more behavioral than physiological. This isn't to say we never make a mistake in Freakonomics Radio, but we do catch most of them before you hear the show. the benefits to an individual from study and engagement in a topic. This suggests that looseness and tightness can co-exist. The first (and longest) chapter focuses on the role of incentives in human behavior. Spoiler alert: This dimension is one of the six in which the U.S. is the biggest outlier in the world. HENRICH: So places like New York and London, people are blazing down the sidewalks. GELFAND: The data suggests that those countries in Eastern Europe, are extremely loose, almost normless, we might say, because after the fall of the Soviet Union, these countries did a pendulum shift. The reason we reached out to Michele Gelfand is that I want to understand this stuff better, too. But theres something else to be said about American culture. HENRICH: This probably wouldnt be in a psych textbook, but something like the Ultimatum game. The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. In this individualistic, indulgent society, theres going to become a cross-cultural trainer to at... Of who youre talking to or what context youre in x27 ; s ( Extreme ) individualism amass huge. Really knew this is not just the most individualistic country in the way youre.. Something else to be the same self, regardless of who youre talking to or context... 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