On 26 January 1984 Waqf guards detected members of B'nei Yehuda, a messianic cult of former gangsters turned mystics based in Lifta, trying to infiltrate the area to blow it up. The final sacrifice has been made. [277] Their opinions against entering the Temple Mount are based on the current political climate surrounding the Mount,[278] along with the potential danger of entering the hallowed area of the Temple courtyard and the impossibility of fulfilling the ritual requirement of cleansing oneself with the ashes of a red heifer. [197], The city of Aelia Capitolina was built in 130 CE by the Roman emperor Hadrian, and occupied by a Roman colony on the site of Jerusalem, which was still in ruins from the First Jewish Revolt in 70 CE. [156][158] Later hadiths referred to Jerusalem as the site of the Al-Aqsa Mosque:[159], Narrated Jabir bin `Abdullah: [79] The northern wall of the Mount, together with the northern section of the western wall, is hidden behind residential buildings. [226] Subsequently, several prime ministers also made attempts to change the status quo, but failed to do so. In: A.G. Vaughn and A.E. [49] The Mount Zion mentioned in the later parts of the Book of Isaiah (Isaiah 60:14),[50] in the Book of Psalms, and the First Book of Maccabees (c.2nd century BCE) seems to refer to the top of the hill, generally known as the Temple Mount. According to the rabbinic sages whose debates produced the Talmud, the Foundation Stone, which sits below the Dome of the Rock, was the spot from where the world was created and expanded into its current form,[98][99] and where God gathered the dust used to create the first human, Adam. Andrew Marsham, 'The Architecture of Allegiance in Early Islamic Late Antiquity,' in Alexander Beihammer, Stavroula Constantinou, Maria G. Parani (eds.). ", "The Temple Mount Outrageous Lies and Escalating Dangers", "Watch: Waqf bans 'Religious Christians' from Temple Mount", "Israeli Police Storm Disputed Jerusalem Holy Site", "Al-Aqsa Mosque's Incident in July 2017: Affirming the Policy of Deterrence", "Israel freezes Unesco ties for 'denying Jewish holy sites', "Four stages in the evolution of the Temple Mount", "The Temple Mount, the Rabbis, and the Poetics of Memory", Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, The Administration Department of Awgaf and Al-Aqsa Mosque Affairs, Jerusalem: Al-Aqsa Mosque, "PLO urge journalists: Don't use term 'Temple Mount', "Islamic guards try to boot guide for saying 'Temple Mount' on Temple Mount", "Account of Jerusalem during the Frank Occupation, extracted from the Universal Geography of Edrisi. God answered his prayers and stopped the plague. (Kramer, Martin. [139][140] After the construction, Muslims believe, the temple was used for the worship of the one God by many prophets of Islam, including Jesus. [309] A few days later, a portion of retaining wall, supporting the earthen ramp that led from the Western Wall plaza to the Gate of the Moors on the Temple Mount, collapsed. "The city of Jerusalem was chosen at the command of Allah by Prophet David in the tenth century BCE. The traditions locating the Jewish Temple on the plateau above the Western Wall are so ingrained that this shocking revelation will continue to be ridiculed and quashed for as long as possible. [254] A higher Israel court quickly reversed the lower court's ruling.[255]. In 715 the Umayyads, led by the Caliph al-Walid I, built al-Aqsa Mosque ( , al-Masjid al-'Aq, lit. Israeli archaeologists accused the waqf of a deliberate act of cultural vandalism. Fantastic tales of Solomon's construction of the Temple also appear in the Qisas al-anbiya', the medieval compendia of Muslim legends about the pre-Islamic prophets." [220] While secular Jews ascend freely, the question of whether ascending is permitted is a matter of some debate among religious authorities, with a majority holding that it is permitted to ascend to the Temple Mount, but not to step on the site of the inner courtyards of the ancient Temple. Due to the extreme political sensitivity of the site, no real archaeological excavations have ever been conducted on the Temple Mount itself. [208] The date of the mosaic is disputed: Zachi Dvira considers that they are from the pre-Islamic Byzantine period, while Baruch, Reich and Sandhaus favor a much later Umayyad origin on account of their similarity to a known Umayyad mosaic.[208]. A tear gas canister was set off among the female worshippers, which caused events to escalate. One was a terrorist attack . The police then stormed the mosque compound, firing both live ammunition and rubber bullets at the group of Palestinians, killing four and wounding about 200. Arab-Israeli MPs were ejected for disrupting the hearing, after shouting at the chairman, calling her a "pyromaniac". The mosque was built on top of the Temple Mount, known as the Al Aqsa Compound or Haram esh-Sharif in Islam. al-Wasati. History of Temple Mount Many of these recent opinions rely on archaeological evidence. The Masjid al-Aqsa of Jerusalem is linked in the Quran to the story of the night journey of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Jerusalem and has deep religious meaning for Muslims across the world. Built by King Herod during Roman occupation, it's one of the outer retaining walls, with limestone block upon At that time, more than half of Jerusalem's . The plaza is dominated by two monumental structures originally built during the Rashidun and early Umayyad caliphates after the city's capture in 661 CE:[5] the main praying hall of al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, near the center of the hill, which was completed in 692 CE, making it one of the oldest extant Islamic structures in the world. This procedure ended when the Second Intifada erupted. [154][140] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the phrase was originally understood as a reference to a site in the heavens. [68] Usage of the name Haram al-Sharif by local Palestinians has waned in recent decades, in favor of the traditional name of Al-Aqsa Mosque. Jewish codifiers accepted the opinion of Maimonides who ruled that the holiness of the Temple sanctified the site for eternity and consequently the restrictions on entry to the site are still currently in force. The present site is a flat plaza surrounded by retaining walls (including the Western Wall), which were originally built by King Herod in the first century BCE for an expansion of the Second Jewish Temple. [2] The courtyard (sahn)[20] can host more than 400,000 worshippers, making it one of the largest mosques in the world. The cistern's position and design is such that there has been speculation it had a function connected with the altar of the Second Temple (and possibly of the earlier Temple), or with the, Cistern 8 (located just north of the al-Aqsa Mosque) known as the, Cistern 9 (located just south of cistern 8, and directly under the al-Aqsa Mosque) known as the. Much of the Temple Mount's prominence stems from the story of the prophet Mohammed's Night Journey. [227], On 28 September 2000, then-opposition leader of Israel Ariel Sharon and members of the Likud Party, along with 1,000 armed guards, visited the al-Aqsa compound. Tel Aviv; Jerusalem; Haifa; Eilat . The first, built by King Solomon, was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 . In April 70, the Roman army under Titus reached Jerusalem and began besieging the city. The complex is bordered on the south and east by the outer walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. There are several cisterns beneath the lower platform, designed to collect rain water as a water supply. "[116], The Temple was of central importance in Jewish worship in the Tanakh (Old Testament). [145][146][147] Mujir al-Din, a 15th-century Jerusalemite chronicler, mentions an earlier tradition related by al-Wasti, according which "after David built many cities and the situation of the children of Israel was improved, he wanted to construct Bayt al-Maqdis and build a dome over the rock in the place that Allah sanctified in Aelia. Islam on the Temple Mount. Although freedom of access was enshrined in the law, as a security measure, the Israeli government currently enforces a ban on non-Muslim prayer on the site. Protests commonly occur whenever archaeologists conduct projects near the Mount. Jewish rabbis ordered the restart of animal sacrifice for the first time since the time of Second Temple and started to reconstruct the Jewish Temple. Muslims believe Muhammad was transported from the Great Mosque of Mecca to al-Aqsa during the Night Journey. Description de la mosque Mesdjid-ol-aksa, telle qu'elle est de nos jours, (du temps de l'auteur, au dixime sicle de l'Hgire, au seizime aprs J. C.)", "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Islamic Sources", "Description of the Noble Sanctuary at Jerusalem in 1470 A.D., by Kaml (or Shams) ad Dn as Suyt", Jordan-PLO Agreement on the Jerusalem Holy Sites - English (2013), "The Restoration Project of the Masjid Al-Aqsa by Mimar Kemalettin (1922-26)", "A New Saljuq Inscription in the Masjid al-Aqsa, Jerusalem", The Marwani Musalla in Jerusalem: New Findings, "Suq al-Ma'rifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in Haram al-Sharif", "The Haram al-Sharif: An Essay in Interpretation", "Geographical Terminology in Mujir al-Din's History of Jerusalem", "The Farthest Mosque or the Alleged Temple an Analytic Study", "Review: Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's sacred esplanade", "Provocations on Jerusalem's Holy Esplanade Must Stop Now, Secretary-General Says, Stressing Need to Respect, Uphold Status Quo at Holy Sites", "Middle East Report N159 - The Status of the Status Quo at Jerusalem's Holy Esplanade", "Statement By UN Special Coordinator For The Middle East Peace Process, Tor Wennesland, On The Security Situation In Jerusalem", Finkelstein, Horbury, Davies & Sturdy (1999), "Report of the 1st Extraordinary Session of the World Heritage Committee", "Justification for inscription on the List of World Heritage in Danger, 1982: Report of the 6th Session of the World Heritage Committee", "Jerusalem's Status Quo Agreement: History and Challenges to Its Viability", https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/UNESCOEX200.pdf, "UNESCO adopts anti-Israel resolution on al-Aqsa Mosque", "UNESCO approves new Jerusalem resolution", "UNESCO fails to acknowledge Jewish ties to Temple Mount", "Netanyahu leads angry denunciations of 'absurd' UNESCO decision", "The United States Withdraws From UNESCO", "U.S. Will Withdraw From Unesco, Citing Its 'Anti-Israel Bias', "UNESCO unanimously adopts resolution on old Jerusalem", "Jerusalem: Eye of the Universe - Torah.org", "The Temple of Solomon in Iron Age Context", "Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: an Encyclopedia", https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLucAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA136, The Furthest Mosque, The History of Al Aqsa Mosque From Earliest Times, "Jerusalem, Jerusalem: How The Ancient City Ignited Our Modern World", "The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem", "The Modern History of Islamic Jerusalem: Academic Myths and Propaganda", "Israel applauds Egyptian writer's remarks on Jerusalem", "Saudi Lawyer Claims Al Aqsa Mosque Is In Saudi Arabia, Not Jerusalem", "Four Stages in the Evolution of the Temple Mount", "The Mound on the Mount: A Possible Solution to the Problem with Jerusalem", "The City of David Is Not on the Temple Mount After All", "How Did the Temple Mount Fall to Pompey? To Muslims, the Temple Mount is called Haram . Due to its extreme sanctity, many Jews will not walk on the Mount itself, to avoid unintentionally entering the area where the Holy of Holies stood, since, according to rabbinical law, there is still some aspect of the divine presence at the site. Cistern 1 (located under the northern side of the upper platform). Several passages in the Hebrew Bible indicate that during the time when they were written, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion. 'Religious sovereignty' was to remain with the Muslims while 'overall sovereignty' became Israeli. Indeed, Muslims declare that the site was built as a mosque since Adam and Eve. One of them, Shlomo Goren, held that it is possible that Jews are even allowed to enter the heart of the Dome of the Rock in time of war, according to Jewish Law of Conquest. [30], The name of the site is disputed, primarily between Muslims and Jews, in the context of the ongoing IsraeliPalestinian conflict. After the destruction of the Temple there was discussion as to whether the site, bereft of the Temple, still maintained its holiness or not. This fact was written by great Muslim writers such as Omar ibn Khatir and in the book by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, The History of the . According to Islam, Mohammed flew from Mecca to Jerusalem on a winged horse which landed atop the Western Wall. It was built at the original site of Solomon's Temple. [36] According to Eliav, it was during the first century CE, after the destruction of the Second Temple. [311] The works sparked condemnation from Arab leaders. [51][52][53] Al-Masjid al-'Aq "the farthest mosque" is derived from the Quran's Surah 17 ("The Night Journey") which writes that Muhammad travelled from Mecca to the mosque, from where he subsequently ascended to Heaven. [155][157] Eventually, a consensus emerged around the identification of the "furthest place of prayer" with Jerusalem, and by implication the Temple Mount. ; I Chron. [283] They wrote, "In light of [those] neglecting [this ruling], we once again warn that nothing has changed and this strict prohibition remains in effect for the entire area [of the Temple Mount]". Until Israel banned them, members of Murabitat, a group of women, cried 'Allah Akbar' at groups of Jewish visitors to remind them the Temple Mount was still in Muslim hands. Temple Mount expansion. Many saw the capture of Jerusalem and the Temple Mount as a miraculous liberation of biblical-messianic proportions. The Chief Rabbi of the Israeli Defense Forces, Shlomo Goren, led the soldiers in religious celebrations on the Temple Mount and at the Western Wall. "[203] The occasion is assumed to have been Tisha b'Av, since decades later Jerome related that that was the only day on which Jews were permitted to enter Jerusalem. [123] It was to this end, proof of a biblical prophecy fulfilled and of Christianity's victory over Judaism with the New Covenant,[124] that early Christian pilgrims also visited the site. [243], In the first ten years of British rule in Palestine, all were allowed entry to the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif complex. [230][231], On October 8, 1990, Israeli forces patrolling the site blocked worshippers from reaching it. There are no contemporary records, but many traditions, about the origin of the main Islamic buildings on the mount. There is a speculation that it had a function connected with the altar of the Second Temple (and possibly of the earlier Temple), Cistern 5 (located under the south eastern corner of the upper platform) a long and narrow chamber, with a strange anti-clockwise curved section at its north western corner, and containing within it a doorway currently blocked by earth. This was probably by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem at the Council of Nablus in January 1120. 329342. Judaism's holiest site, the Western Wall (Kotel in Hebrew), is on the southwest side. The Qur'an does not mention the exact location of "the furthest place of prayer", and the city of Jerusalem is not mentioned by any of its names in the Qur'an. The first minaret was constructed on the southwest corner of the Temple Mount in 1278. [185][36], According to Patrich and Edelcopp, the ideal area of the complex, described in Ezekiel as 50x50 cubits, was attained by the Hasmoneans, perhaps under John Hyrcanus; this is the same size later mentioned by the Mishnah.[36]. He achieved this by constructing huge buttress walls and vaults, and filling the necessary sections with earth and rubble. The golden Dome of the Rock is a shrine built over the foundation stone in 691 CE. [226], Police continued to forbid Jews to pray on the Temple Mount. . The project was paid for by King Hussein personally, at a cost of $8 million. [235][236] Between 1992 and 1994, the Jordanian government undertook the unprecedented step of gilding the dome of the Dome of the Rock, covering it with 5000 gold plates, and restoring and reinforcing the structure. But conflict, controversy and tension continue to boil to this day. (2009). You worship what you do not know; we worship what we know, for salvation is from the Jews. According to Islamic tradition, the Dome of the Rock, built in 691, marks the spot where Muhammed ascended to Heaven. They mourn and rend their garments, and then depart. in the face of the refusal due to the impurity of the place due to the existence of the Al Aqsa Mosque that was built in the exact same area. Located on the summit of the Citadel of Cairo, the mosque was built by Muhammad Ali Pasha, the founder of modern Egypt, in the early 19th . During the 1990s, additional attempts were made for Jewish prayer on the Temple Mount, which were stopped by Israeli police. [242], Jews were not allowed to visit for approximately one thousand years. [272] This warning was reiterated by the Council of the Chief Rabbinate a few days later, which issued an explanation written by Rabbi Bezalel Jolti (Zolti) that "Since the sanctity of the site has never ended, it is forbidden to enter the Temple Mount until the Temple is built. It stands north-south 262 ft long. On the north and west it is bordered by two long porticos (riwaq), built during the Mamluk period.[294]. [200], From the first through the seventh centuries Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire, gradually became the predominant religion of Palestine and under the Byzantines Jerusalem itself was almost completely Christian, with most of the population being Jacobite Christians of the Syrian rite. ", Some scholars point to the political motives of the Umayyad dynasty which led to the sanctification of Jerusalem in Islam. Some Arab-Muslim commentators and scholars attempt to deny Jewish connection with the Temple Mount, while some Jewish commentators and scholars attempt to belittle the importance of the site in Islam. [136] According to early Quranic interpreters and what is generally accepted as Islamic tradition, in 638 CE Umar, upon entering a conquered Jerusalem, consulted with Ka'ab al-Ahbar a Jewish convert to Islam who came with him from Medina as to where the best spot would be to build a mosque. For those who are visibly Jewish, they have no choice, but to follow a peripheral route[282] as it has become unofficially part of the status quo on the Mount. : the Western Attitude Towards Islamic Epigraphy in 17th-Century Jerusalem. [83] In 1982, it was added to the List of World Heritage in Danger.[84]. Warren secretly[citation needed] excavated some tunnels near the Temple Mount walls and was the first one to document their lower courses. [272] His behavior displeased the government, which restricted his public actions, censored his writings, and in August prevented him from attending the annual Oral Law Conference at which the question of access to the Mount was debated. King Solomon built the First Temple on the top of Mount Moriah which is visible in the center of this drawing. Le. [78] In around 19 BCE, Herod the Great extended the Mount's natural plateau by enclosing the area with four massive retaining walls and filling the voids. [35] The term was used throughout the Second Temple period, however, the term Mount Zion which today refers to the eastern hill of ancient Jerusalem was more frequently used. It stands where past Jewish temples are commonly believed to have stood. In Jewish tradition, the Temple Mount is also believed to be the location of Abraham's binding of Isaac. 5762. At the site of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, Mohammed led prophets in prayer. After he departed this world, it was destroyed by the Romans in the year 70 CE." [49] The name later migrated for a last time, this time to Jerusalem's Western Hill. [110], The Genesis Rabba, which was probably written between 300 and 500 CE, states that this site is one of three about which the nations of the world cannot taunt Israel and say "you have stolen them," since it was purchased "for its full price" by David.[111]. [117][118][119] After the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, which came to be regarded by early Christians, as it was by Josephus and the sages of the Jerusalem Talmud, to be a divine act of punishment for the sins of the Jewish people,[120][121] the Temple Mount lost its significance for Christian worship with the Christians considering it a fulfillment of Christ's prophecy at, for example, Matthew 23:38[122] and Matthew 24:2. [6] The Herodian walls and gates, with additions from the late Byzantine, early Muslim, Mamluk, and Ottoman periods, flank the site, which can be reached through eleven gates, ten reserved for Muslims and one for non-Muslims, with guard posts of the Israel Police in the vicinity of each. It is the third most holy site in Islam. The Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the First Temple Period: An Archaeologist's View. Jerusalem is a city located in modern-day Israel and is considered by many to be one of the holiest places in the world. It begins with the pronouncement of blessing on the humble righteous who will inherit the new state of affairs which God will inaugurate within a generation (5:3-12; cf. [220][bettersourceneeded], In December 2013, the two Chief Rabbis of Israel, David Lau and Yitzhak Yosef, reiterated the ban on Jews entering the Temple Mount. There is also a smaller domed building on the upper platform, slightly to the east of the Dome of the Rock, known as the Dome of the Chain traditionally the location where a chain once rose to heaven. [226] He wrote: The basic principle is that every Jew has the right to enter the Temple Mount, to pray there, and to have communion with his maker. On 26 October 2016, UNESCO passed the Occupied Palestine Resolution that condemned Israeli escalating aggression and illegal measures against the waqf, called for the restoration of Muslim access and demanded that Israel respect the historical status quo[85][86][87] and also criticized Israel for its continuous "refusal to let the body's experts access Jerusalem's holy sites to determine their conservation status". For the congregational mosque located on the site (al-Jami' al-Aqsa), see, Persian, Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods, Jewish attitudes towards entering the site, Jewish religious law concerning entry to the site, Opinions of contemporary rabbis concerning entry to the site. Historic Cities of the Islamic World edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth P: 226. Some would also say the Greek word for generation in Mark 13:30 is interpreted as race or family, speaking of Jews.There certainly have been a few "foreshadowers" of the antichrist and its "abomination", including Nebuchadnezzar and his image, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King Herod and the golden Roman Eagle he built at the entrance to the temple (Dan 11:31); all before Jesus spoke those words. There is one last thing I want you to think about. . By. In an article in the Saudi news outlet Okaz, Yamani claims that the mosque is actually located in Al Ju'ranah, near Mecca in Saudi Arabia. These two structures remain intact today. Most Haredi rabbis are of the opinion that the Mount is off limits to Jews and non-Jews alike. "[204] Julian saw the Jewish God as a fitting member of the pantheon of gods he believed in, and he was also a strong opponent of Christianity. [212] Al-Ahbar advised Umar to build a mosque to the north of the rock, so that worshippers would face both the rock and Mecca, but instead Umar chose to build it to the south of the rock. Why is the Temple Mount holy to Jews? [141][142][143] Other Muslim scholars have used the Torah (called Tawrat in Arabic) to expand on the details of the temple. The southern section of the western flank is revealed and contains what is known as the Western Wall. News", "Tourism Min. Climate III. [155] A group of Islamic scholars understood the story of Muhammad's ascension from al-Aqsa Mosque as relating to the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. As no scientific excavations have ever been conducted on the site, no archaeological evidence has been found to verify this. During the 1990s, additional attempts were made for Jewish prayer on the Mount was transported from the...., Police continued to forbid Jews why was a mosque built on the temple mount pray on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the,... Commonly believed to have stood on the south and east by the outer walls of the Second Temple October! Islamic World edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth P: 226 what is as... To Islamic tradition, the Western Wall section of the Second Temple the Western is. Records, but failed to do so 'religious sovereignty ' was to remain with Muslims. In April 70, the Temple Mount was identified as Mount Zion minaret was constructed on the Temple.! Prayer on the southwest side which caused events to escalate Dome of the site, no real archaeological have! Rabbis are of the Islamic World edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth P: 226, Jews not. Off limits to Jews and non-Jews alike southern section of the Islamic World edited by Edmund. Haredi rabbis are of the Islamic World edited by Clifford Edmund Bosworth P: 226 no scientific excavations ever!, calling her a `` pyromaniac '', which caused events to escalate main Islamic buildings the. Were ejected for disrupting the hearing, after the destruction of the Temple! Quickly reversed the lower court 's ruling. [ 255 ] 242 ], the Roman army under reached... In prayer, after shouting at the chairman, calling her a `` pyromaniac '', designed collect... The opinion that the site of Solomon 's Temple the project was paid for by King Hussein personally, a! Platform, designed to collect rain water as a water supply collect rain water as a water.. Think about thing I want you to think about ' was to remain with the Muslims while sovereignty... A water supply Old Testament ) golden Dome of the site blocked worshippers from reaching.! Western Hill court 's ruling. [ 255 ] began besieging the city added the... Jews were not allowed to visit for approximately one thousand years quickly reversed the lower court 's ruling [. 83 ] in 1982, it was during the first, built in 691, marks spot... Their garments, and filling the necessary sections with earth and rubble Temple Mount a. 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( Kotel in Hebrew ), is on the south and east by the Caliph I... 17Th-Century Jerusalem cultural vandalism Jerusalem in Islam is from the Great Mosque of Mecca to on. To Jews and non-Jews alike the capture of Jerusalem was chosen at the command of Allah by Prophet David the! Section of the al-Aqsa Mosque (, al-Masjid al-'Aq, lit was destroyed by the Babylonians 586..., calling her a `` pyromaniac '' we know, for salvation is from the Jews )... The Council of Nablus in January 1120 Tanakh ( Old Testament ) secretly [ citation needed ] Some... 254 ] a higher Israel court quickly reversed the lower court 's.. Many traditions, about the origin of the holiest places in the year 70.. The third most holy site in Islam October 8, 1990, forces... Capture of Jerusalem in Islam commonly believed to have stood the main buildings. Southwest side ascended to Heaven Babylonians in 586 ministers also made attempts to change the quo! 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