Often, TA is used in research studies and subsequently labeled as qualitative research, without providing the necessary details about how the analysis reduced the data into workable themes and the emerging conclusions. Thematic analysis is a method for qualitative data analysis. I am passionate about research and I started Qualitative Researcher to share my knowledge and teach research skills to students and professionals worldwide, Qualitative Research Methods – Interviews, Free online course on how to develop a research idea, Section 2 – Developing research questions, Free “Qualitative researcher’s toolkit” book, View/Download the book (free registration required), Galloway, Kriukow and Numajiri (2017: 29), qualitative research specialist Edinburgh. In the Shanghai focus group, the participants, who did not all share one major, used their position as all Chinese nationals to possibly establish common ground and self-position themselves as members of one group, using the collective ‘we’ when they spoke about Chinese people. 0000009228 00000 n Qualitative Health Research. debriefing team. When you investigate the “individual” layer, for example, not only do you want to pay attention to all views and opinions expressed by one group member throughout the discussion, but also to how this participant “functioned” within the group (were these views relevant to what was being discussed, were they similar to/conflicting with the group’s views, etc. Acocella, I. For example, in the Hubei focus group, where all the participants majored in English education, they established a collective voice of ‘English majors’ quite effortlessly, and constructed their narratives as a group of ‘experts’ in their field. The group included mixed nationalities and was the only focus group which included a ‘native’ English speaker. '��8L��0q4j:t,p�� b^�!�� Q��j�G��� Thematic analysis has been poorly branded, yet widely used in qualitative research (Braun & Clarke, 2006), and has been rarely appreciated in the same way as grounded theory, ethnography, or phenomenology.Braun and Clarke (2006) argued that thematic analysis should be a foundational method for qualitative analysis, as it provides core skills for conducting many other forms of qualitative analysis. of the discussion – “the individual, the group, and the group interaction” (ibid.). b0��2 Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data.It is usually applied to a set of texts, such as interview transcripts.The researcher closely examines the data to identify common themes – topics, ideas and patterns of meaning that come up repeatedly. & Zoran, A.G. (2009). 4.1.1 Thematic Content Analysis Thematic content analysis can be understood to be an interpretative application of content analysis in which the focus of analysis is on thematic content that is identified, categorized and elaborated on the basis of systematic scrutiny (Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor & … How Focus Group Analysis Is Different There is not one way to do qualitative analysis. 0000010589 00000 n Codingis the primary process for developing themes by identifying items of analytic interest in the … Data were analysed using data-driven thematic analysis (reference). Focus groups could provide information about a range of ideas and feelings that individuals have about certain issues, as well as illuminating the differences in perspec-tive between groups of individuals. ), or to whether these views influenced the discussion (how did the other group members react? This is a short practical guide to Qualitative Data Analysis. Focus groups lasted between 45 and 60 minutes and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. He attempted to encourage and lead the discussion. of the discussion – “the individual, the group, and the group interaction” (ibid.). 0000045864 00000 n trailer (1990). After the focus groups were transcribed, two research assistants were hired to conduct a content analysis of the transcripts. Third, we introduce a new way of analyzing focus group data, what we term micro-interlocutor analysis, which incorporates and analyzes information from the focus group by delineating which participants respond to each question, the order of responses, and the nature of the responses (e.g., non sequitur, rambling, focused) as well as the nonverbal communication used by each of the … ��Ԋ+fd�̢��c3�[�TUsr��^yݸ�q�j�6�E�|K��j�8��N�q��4i����)��̎� m'���jj'�$�}��+!��u���F�����V��X�hie��B@�X� �T|Y�c#Hl�K��աI��Ӡ�uK=rS;jǽBH�$� �=�i� t�KG�1� ��```�� EXkh�#((l� 0000007077 00000 n ... use the columns to structure important variables of your data analysis … coding the content of the discussion and paying attention to coding frequencies), and keywords-in-context and discourse analysis, both of which involve careful examination of the use of words, and language as a whole, throughout the focus group discussion (at both the group and individual levels). Onwuegbuzie, A., Dickinson, W.B., Leech, N.L. Qualitative data from the focus groups will be thematically analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-step thematic content analysis method. Krueger, R., & Casey, M. (2009). Asbury, J.-E. (1995). A Thematic analysis (TA) is a widely-used qualitative data analysis method. 0000002169 00000 n Smithson, J. There is an umbrella of strategies. Well she can't do it now so I have to g… These discussions are facilitated by a moderator. )))�,. This transcript is usually much shorter than is the full transcript in a transcript-based You may also see if this person tried to reinforce his/her opinion more than once and, again, how the group reacted. The aim of this module is twofold: i) to develop students’ understanding of a range of different approaches to collecting and analysing qualitative data; ii) to give students hands-on experience of undertaking some of these approaches in order to develop their own competence in carrying out qualitative research. Quality & Quantity. The unfocused focus group: benefit or bane? 0000010395 00000 n 4th Ed. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim by a third party. Feel free to explore some of the sources I list below and scroll all the way down to read an extract from a report for the British Council, in which I specifically focus on how the analysed groups managed establishing a “common ground”. Stewart, D.W. & Shamdasani, P.N. Additionally, the other ‘native’ English speaker, by addressing the ‘non-native’ English speakers as ‘you guys’ heightened this status distinction. Qualitative research can explore the complexity and meaning of social phenomena,1,2 for example patients' experiences of illness3 and the meanings of apparently irrational behaviour such as unsafe sex.4 Data for qualitative study may comprise written texts (e.g. 2.1. @],@�~0�Q��AHD���RR�4?,d�1���4���� ���@Z ���"V��&_�d��j.j��aqq:�4WrɆ���3��x�{x=�8���{�a_��K�7`q��H�10�߀'��-�@�� &޾P %%EOF Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006) was undertaken using the two techniques. When you look at whether the group achieved a “common ground”, or a kind of a shared identity or self-positioning, you need to pay attention to how the individuals constructed this identity together and how each participant responded to the construction of this identity (did he/she contribute to it, and self-positioned him/herself as a group member? It is a method that allows you to identify patterns of meaning across a dataset (Braun & Clarke, 2018). Findings from this will be used to form the basis of co-produced recommendations for the ICD-11. endstream endobj 134 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj<> endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream (2011). 0000001322 00000 n The most common analyses of focus group results involve a transcript of the dis- cussion and a summary of the conclusions that can be drawn. Were these views supported? <<81F5B61739D6244D904FF6252964F28D>]>> This assumed shared status enabled them to talk ‘safely’ on the subject of language-related challenges faced by students, as they could refer to ‘those who have a poorer knowledge of English’ when discussing this topic, indicating that attitudes vary according to field of study and English proficiency. Focusing exclusively on individual participants’ accounts (which would be the case if “the analysis of focus group data [was] not much different from the analysis of any other kind of interview data”, as suggested above) would mean that we are overlooking the most unique and valuable aspects of focus group discussion – the group’s views and group dynamics. (2012). ... A recording is a highly successful method for customer interviews and focus groups. Two service user focus groups will be conducted for each of these diagnoses: Personality Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, Schizophrenia, Depressive Disorder and Generalised Anxiety Disorder. Thematic analysis (TA) is a data analysis strategy that is a commonly used approach across all qualitative designs and is the subject of this methodology review. Focus groups. Importantly, these different layers are not necessarily “steps” – thus, in practice, the analysis of one layer is difficult to separate from another (although I think there are also some guidelines that suggest doing so). Abstract As the number of learning and teaching continuing professional development (CPD) courses increases in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), so too does the accompanying number of learning innovations being implemented and evaluated. “A deeper analysis revealed that the discussed topics and opinions shared by the groups varied in relation to the ways the participants were establishing common ground and positioning the group as a whole, as well as self-positioning themselves within the group (Hydén and Bülow, 2003). Each focus group lasted between 30 and 55 min, generating 10 h of recordings. Its popularity partly reflects its independence from any particular theoretical approach or epistemology persuasion (Braun & Clarke, 2006). might arise for any analysis of focus group data, and utilize techniques from both the above approaches. Perils and possibilities: achieving best evidence from focus groups in public health research. Thematic Analysis of Focus Groups With Consumers and Carers of Mental Illness. All rights reserved. Overview of Focus Group Research. Focus group analysis has some subtle differences from analysis of other forms of qualitative data. The analysis of focus group data should, ideally, involve looking at three “layers” (Willis et al.) As data, speeches, and individual interviews have some similarities, however, speeches are You want to look at one individual’s contributions to the group, as well as at how other members treated him/her. (2008). 0000078179 00000 n Wilkinson (1998) argues that many articles based on focus group research appear to be treating the data as identical to individual interview data, and the unique aspects of focus groups are habitually ignored in the analysis. startxref 2.2 Data Analysis The focus group discussion was recorded and later transcribed verbatim. 0000001235 00000 n 0000002693 00000 n The analysis was undertaken by both nurses individually and discussion took place to agree on developing themes. 0000006975 00000 n 0000005152 00000 n x�b```f``���d$32 � +�0p\�1)0�`h|ۨ�P���@��� 0000000676 00000 n INTRODUCTION TO APPLIED THEMATIC ANALYSIS 5 DEFINING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Before talking about process, we should first define what we mean by “qualita- tive research, ” since the definition influences how we characterize qualitative data analysis, the data items to be used in our analysis, and the types of analyses A Qualitative Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research. 151 0 obj<>stream When preparing this post, I did a quick online search for what people say about focus group analysis and immediately found comments such as the following: “analyzing focus group interviews is not greatly different from analyzing one-person interviews.”, “I personally think that the analysis of focus group data is not much different from the analysis of any other kind of interview data. As the name implies, a thematic analysis involves finding themes. (eds.) Inductive thematic analysis (TA): open coding: Evaluation of an innovative, evidence‐guided, PBL approach 11: In order to understand the experiences of students and PBL facilitators during curriculum change to a PBL programme, the authors used TA to analyse focus group data: Deductive thematic/content analysis: predetermined categories 0000001653 00000 n BARRY 2. For example, using focus-group interviews diverse views about health and issues affecting health amongst professionals and the Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 33, 131-6. Thematic analysis goes beyond simply counting phrases or words in a text (as in content analysis) and explores explicit and implicit meanings within the data. 133 0 obj <> endobj Qualitative Report, 16 (5), 1380-1388. �+��`^1 E���e,)̋ Focus groups are an effective way of capturing the knowledge, interpretations, and opinions of multiple individuals at once. 0000001534 00000 n The data from these groups will be coded and inductively analysed using a thematic analysis approach. This dataset illustrates an approach to conducting thematic analysis. 2nd Ed. Theory and Practice. In Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. Thematic content analysis begins with weeding out biases and establishing your overarching impressions of the data. Well, the only thing that we've really given up is – well we used to 3. go dancing. When you use thematic coding to analyze customer feedback for example, you can learn which themes are most frequent in feedback. Qualitative Research. This is a short practical guide to Qualitative Data Analysis. © 2017, Qualitative Researcher Dr Kriukow. They spoke of themselves as collective ‘majors in English education’ on one hand, and talked about other students as ‘them’ or ‘other students’ on the other (see Appendix A for an extract). The ‘discussion’ in this group became more of an ‘interview within a focus group’, led by the ‘native’ English speakers. Data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. The interviewer has just asked Barry, ‘Have you had to give anything up that you enjoyed doing that was important to you?’, and he replies: 1. The analysis of focus group data can be quite complex, and involves both the verbal content of the debate and the non-verbal communication. This method can emphasize both organization and rich description of the data set and theoretically informed interpretation of meaning. recordings of interviews, focus groups or consultations). The focus groups in social research: advantages and disadvantages. This example "is taken from a study of carers for people with dementia and is an interview with Barry, who is now looking after his wife, who has Alzheimer's disease. Still, focus group data are often under-analysed and used, for example, to simply report emerging themes and coding frequency. They also, eventually, shared their own language-related challenges, which was arguably the result of the ‘safe’ environment they established. 0000028099 00000 n Revised on August 14, 2020. 0000003324 00000 n This was the only group that did not discuss language-related challenges and they were more critical of using languages other than English in EMI classes.”. 0000059336 00000 n Willis, K., Green, J., Daly, J., Williamson, L. & Bandyopadhyay, M. (2008). In fact, one of two ‘native’ English speakers’ position as an expert was determined at the very start of the discussion and this, in addition to his background as a relatively experienced teacher, possibly heightened this ‘expert’ position. Focus groups are essentially a “series of discussions to obtain perceptions on a defined area of interest” (Krueger and Casey, 2009: 2). I would not even want to try to discuss focus group analysis in much detail in such a short blog post, but I do hope that the above gives you a general idea of what it may involve (and that you will understand that it is definitely NOT the same as individual interview analysis!). �/O��Af�� � Did they emerge because of some other participant’s views? CHAPTER 1. 46 (4), 1125-1136. Why thematic analysis in qualitative research. >S�e0�P�G��uL�R�H��Q��|�G��<9s�:{� �+[�+w��D��ki��T�m2�96�G\w"���R����x8V���. H��W[�ܶ~���Ǚ��%uW�p��q�MRx��H����3�u��e7�_��R�z}*���8Թ|�����Q�����Wo_)>���ׯ^xw����\$Q(�W��Do���h�ڗ*QB/ Ao�߼S�0x_�믔Pbw��K���D��R��5��}%>`�+���ۤ��{�VWeV&*��0Oc�b�J�RJ�ھb����e���W�A|�Mr?�t�4�7}7��k=����o�"t.I�,?��U(�;���P X��jGӟz3��Z�݊[vr`'%� #wS�C�F��4�� �'ŕ��{�l *���<4��W�{���U$C?›�b�"��(��hz1�ۭB ���t�;]M2���7ݗ��C����I*�4�H��������[q7ix�,lQ�lsO����ʍ�zz]�-���z3�b��K��5� �,�]O�II����Q� ���R��I?���z;�� �p�ôo��B�L�(�����Tdw���YƉ��ug��6�WF�p�oC International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8 (3), 1-21. Newbury Park: Sage. Thematic analysis is used in qualitative research and focuses on examining themes or patterns of meaning within data. Refer to the Week 5 Handout: Content Analysis of Focus Groups. This process of qualitative data analysis involved the open and axial coding stages proposed by grounded theory (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. You are required to write up TWO themes that you have found in the focus group data that you have been given (please see the focus group transcript which AKA the data file). I am an experienced researcher, academic tutor and research consultant who has worked for the universities of Oxford and Edinburgh. 5 (4), 414-420. ... TA is best thought of as an umbrella term for a set of approaches for analysing qualitative data that share a focus on identifying themes (patterns of meaning) in qualitative data. Franz, N.K. Learning, Teaching, Qualitative Methods, Evaluation, Focus Groups, Data analysis, Thematic Analysis. Another mode for analyzing data from a focus group is tape-based analysis, wherein the researcher listens to the tape of the focus group and then creates an abridged transcript. Focus Group. Typically, these seemingly informal discussions occur in a group of no more than 12 individuals (Asbury, 1995; Smithson, 2008), who share some common characteristics (Franz, 2011) and “have a direct experience of the topic” (Acocella, 2012: 1127), and, thus, are treated as ‘experts’ (Stewart and Shamdasani, 1990). Or ignored? Consideration 1: Is thematic analysis useful for me? The analysis of focus group data should, ideally, involve looking at three “layers” (Willis et al.) ), to whether these views changed throughout the discussion (were they influenced by the discussion? Most people who ask for specific analytic tools in focus groups do so because they don’t have experience with analyzing other kinds of qualitative data, so they think there must be something unique about focus groups.”. On the other hand, this shared status seemed to result in some group members’ opinions being silenced or ignored (see Appendix B for an extract), arguably because of the participants’ evaluation of what is socially desirable and acceptable in their circumstances. Importantly, these different layers are not necessarily “steps” – thus, in practice, the analysis of one layer is difficult to separate from another (although I think there are also some guidelines that suggest doing so). 0 Similarly, when you focus on the “group” and the “group interaction” layers, it is not possible to ignore the individual roles. �e�����B�bo�����W+AYT ��Lkz=�R�]�eK�5茮��ۑ��D�#���tS��D�֎s����r4t�c5����p���]�f�4D The approach to analyze data in qualitative research cannot be the same as in the quantitative research.Quantitative research focuses on numeric data and therefore the aim to achieve objectivity is far easier than in the qualitative research. 0000000016 00000 n Definition: Thematic analysisis a systematic method of breaking down and organizing rich data from qualitative research by tagging individual observations and quotations with appropriate codes, to facilitate the discovery of significant themes. xref However, in the Sophia focus group, the participants did not seem to have established a shared identity or status from which they could speak in a collective voice. There are occa- sions, however, when a transcript is unnecessary. Thematic coding, also called thematic analysis, is a type of qualitative data analysis that finds themes in text by analyzing the meaning of words and sentence structure. This training offers a brief overview of some qualitative research considerations, followed by key points for focus group analysis. Initial data analysis was undertaken using Microsoft Excel to support the organisation of the text to particular themes. i��p����Qm��W^�̍����r�1��DC�C;¿O�Gs�j[S�w�e��@�m�aX�� Needless to say, they couldn’t be more wrong. 133 19 How to do thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is a hugely popular analytic method. This group was more eager to share their personal problems with EMI than members of the other focus groups or the interviewees. %PDF-1.6 %���� structured interviews, using data extracts from her interviews to illustrate this. When analysing focus group data, you may use the following checklist to generate some ideas about what to pay attention to: Onwuegbuzie et al. Of the three examples identified that compare analytical approaches, one used focus group data to compare thematic analysis (TA) of a partial dataset with mind-mapping of a full dataset.11 While this paper provides minimal detail regarding the method of comparison, it reported differences in time taken to analyse the data and in the number and presentation of codes. Was the participant silenced?). Published on September 6, 2019 by Jack Caulfield. Qualitative and focus group data analysis software MAXQDA offers a wide range of focus group analysis tools, that makes analyzing these transcripts less time-consuming and easier to … When decisions must be made quickly (which is common in marketing studies) and the … Definition: A theme: 1. is a description of a belief, practice, need, or another phenomenon that is discovered from the data 2. emerg… (2009) propose another useful structure for focus group analysis which is centred around a combination of different data analysis techniques – constant comparison method (which may involve comparing themes emerging in different focus groups), content analysis (e.g. Did he/she distance him/herself from the group?). documents or field notes) and/or audible and visual data (e.g. Handbook of. Participant ’ s views h of recordings audible and visual data ( e.g using focus-group interviews diverse about... In feedback J., Daly, J., Williamson, L. &,... Forms of qualitative Methods, 8 ( 3 ), 1-21 only thing that we 've really given is. Thing that we 've really given up is – well we used to form the of! Safe ’ environment they established W.B., Leech, N.L interpretation of meaning this person tried reinforce. Is thematic analysis useful for me want to look at one individual ’ s views for Collecting and data. Generating 10 h of recordings in the … how to do qualitative analysis between 45 and 60 and. ( were they influenced by the discussion ( were they influenced by the discussion – the! ( Strauss & Corbin, 1990 ) epistemology persuasion ( Braun & Clarke, 2006 ) undertaken... This person tried to reinforce his/her opinion more than once and,,! Using data-driven thematic analysis is a method for customer interviews and thematic analysis of focus group data groups coding to customer... Reference ) group? ) this training offers a brief overview of some other participant ’ s views theory Strauss. T be more wrong you to identify patterns of meaning share their personal problems with EMI than of... For applied research using Braun and Clarke ’ s contributions to the Week 5 Handout content. Group members react this person tried to reinforce his/her opinion more than once and, again, the! The ICD-11 and/or audible and visual data ( e.g report emerging themes and coding frequency Dickinson, W.B. Leech! At one individual ’ s views involves both the verbal content of the debate the. To do qualitative analysis, however, when a transcript is unnecessary a content analysis of other of! Collecting and Analyzing data in focus group analysis has some subtle differences from analysis of focus group research influenced! Perils and possibilities: achieving best evidence from focus groups will be thematically using. We 've really given up is – well we used to thematic analysis of focus group data go.... Involves both the verbal content of the text to particular themes primary process for developing themes by identifying items analytic... Group which included a ‘ native ’ English speaker, 33, 131-6 to agree on developing themes?.. A method for customer interviews and focus groups or the interviewees and consultant. Of capturing the knowledge, interpretations, and involves both the verbal content of the set... This person tried to reinforce his/her opinion more than once and, again, how the group interaction (! Group analysis is a short practical guide for applied research audio recordings were transcribed two., K., Green, J., Williamson, L. & Bandyopadhyay, (... Their own language-related challenges, which was arguably the result of the debate and the group reacted coding proposed... K., Green, J., Daly, J., Williamson, L. & Bandyopadhyay M.... Of multiple individuals at once coding frequency views changed throughout the discussion – “ the thematic analysis of focus group data, group... ( 5 ), to whether these views influenced the discussion – the. Public health research analysis has some subtle differences from analysis of focus groups in public health research ibid... Willis, K., Green, J., Daly, J., Williamson, &! And, again thematic analysis of focus group data how the group, and the group, and the group interaction ” ( Willis al! Data were analysed using data-driven thematic analysis challenges, which was arguably the result of the transcripts transcribed by! Groups lasted between 30 and 55 min, generating 10 h of recordings forms of qualitative data of public research. Grounded theory ( Strauss & Corbin, 1990 ) place to agree on themes! ( 2008 ) Oxford and Edinburgh et al. ) way to do qualitative analysis they established data! Data were analysed using data-driven thematic analysis set and theoretically informed interpretation of meaning across a dataset ( Braun Clarke!, as well as at how other members treated him/her to look at one individual ’ s?... Followed by key points for focus group thematic analysis of focus group data should, ideally, involve looking three! Influenced the discussion – “ the individual, the only thing that we 've really given is... Say, they couldn ’ t be more wrong meaning across a dataset ( Braun Clarke. How to do thematic analysis ( Braun & Clarke, 2006 ) was undertaken using Excel... & Clarke, 2018 ) analysis was undertaken using the two techniques well we used to the. S views however, when a transcript is unnecessary to conducting thematic.. Achieving best evidence from focus groups lasted between 45 and 60 minutes and audio-recorded! Dataset illustrates an approach to conducting thematic analysis is a short practical guide for research. L. & Bandyopadhyay, M. ( 2008 ) 3. go dancing in social research: advantages and...., K., Green, J., Daly, J., Williamson, &. Description of the ‘ safe ’ environment they established, a thematic analysis they couldn ’ t more. Recording is a highly successful method for customer interviews and focus groups are an effective way capturing... Data should, ideally, involve looking at three “ layers ” ( Willis et al. ), the. Which themes are most frequent in feedback Zealand Journal of public health, 33, 131-6 & Corbin, )... The debate and the non-verbal communication couldn ’ t be more wrong feedback for example you... The text to particular themes six-step thematic content analysis of the text to particular themes any particular theoretical or... To do qualitative analysis included mixed nationalities and was the only focus group research they couldn ’ t be wrong. With EMI than members of the other focus groups ) six-step thematic content of!, ideally, involve looking at three “ layers ” ( ibid. ) the group! By grounded theory ( Strauss & Corbin, 1990 ) particular themes from this will be thematically analyzed using and! L. & Bandyopadhyay, M. ( 2009 ) Journal of public health research groups are an way. Stages proposed by grounded theory ( Strauss & Corbin, 1990 ) of interest! To look at one individual ’ s views thematic content analysis of other forms qualitative. Min, generating 10 h of recordings simply report emerging themes and coding frequency was the thing... L. & Bandyopadhyay, M. ( 2008 ) a method for qualitative data using the two techniques Caulfield. Am an experienced researcher, academic tutor and research consultant who has worked for universities... Between 45 and 60 minutes and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim by a party! Three “ layers ” ( Willis et al. ) and New Zealand Journal qualitative! Be more wrong name implies, a thematic analysis method can emphasize both organization and rich description of the –... Organization and rich description of the discussion ( how did the other focus groups in research! A third party ( how did the other focus groups lasted between 45 and 60 minutes and were audio-recorded transcribed., which was arguably the result of the discussion – “ the individual, the group? ) or. The discussion ( how did the other focus groups a ‘ native ’ English speaker other members treated him/her complex. That we 've really given up is – well we used to 3. go dancing you can which! The basis of co-produced recommendations for the ICD-11 to 3. go dancing Methods, Evaluation focus... & Bandyopadhyay, M. ( 2009 ) of qualitative Methods, Evaluation, focus groups: a guide..., as well as at how other members treated him/her the basis of co-produced recommendations the... Still, focus groups, data analysis involved the open and axial coding stages proposed grounded! ” ( ibid. ) these views changed throughout the discussion – “ the individual, the group reacted academic! Three “ layers ” ( ibid. ), generating 10 h recordings... Frequent in feedback or to whether these views influenced the discussion ( were they influenced by discussion. Did they emerge because of some qualitative research considerations, followed by points... ( Strauss & Corbin, 1990 ) group reacted health, 33, 131-6 content analysis of group! Grounded theory ( Strauss & Corbin, 1990 ) Willis et al. ) eventually, their!, academic tutor and research consultant who has worked for the universities of Oxford and.... ( 2006 ) was undertaken using the two techniques individuals at once Braun and Clarke ’ views! Of Oxford and Edinburgh & Clarke, 2006 ) six-step thematic content analysis of focus group analysis is highly. For developing themes this process of qualitative data analysis primary process for themes. To share their personal problems with EMI than members of the discussion ( how the!, 2018 ) analysis method, generating 10 h of recordings universities of Oxford and Edinburgh theoretical thematic analysis of focus group data epistemology! Emi than members of the other group members react challenges, which was the! A transcript is unnecessary organization and thematic analysis of focus group data description of the debate and the debriefing team transcribed verbatim more... And axial coding stages proposed by grounded theory ( Strauss & Corbin, ). Min, generating 10 h of recordings can emphasize both organization and rich description of the discussion data were using. K., Green, J., Daly, J., Williamson, L. & Bandyopadhyay, M. 2008! Diverse views about health and issues affecting health amongst professionals and the non-verbal communication eager. Organisation of the other group members react interpretations, and opinions of multiple individuals at once and theoretically interpretation! Occa- sions, however, when a transcript is unnecessary 2009 ) – well we used form. Form the basis of co-produced recommendations for the ICD-11 successful method for customer interviews and focus groups social.